Update

We have updated the content of our program. To access the current Software Engineering curriculum visit curriculum.turing.edu.

Introduction to CSS & Bootstrap

Learning Goals

Understand between element, class, and id selectors
Organize CSS file
Understand how to import an external CSS file
Difference between Grid and Flexbox
Intro to BootStrap

Warm Up

What do you know about CSS so far?

CSS

Stands for “Cascading Style Sheets”.
When we apply a class or an id to an HTML element, we are telling it that it has a “rule”. We will write our rules for that element in our CSS file.
Each rule in CSS (i.e a class or id rule) has a specific value assigned. ids have more specific values than classes.
Common misconception that “cascading” means that our browser will flow down the CSS file and the last rule will be applied.
“Cascading” means that because more than one rule could apply to a particular piece of HTML (it might have an id and a class), there has to be a known way of determining which rule applies to which piece of HTML.
The rule used is chosen by cascading down from the more general rules to the more specific rule required. The most specific rule is chosen.
An id is the most specific rule
There is a way to calculate CSS Specificity The highest number wins for most specific and will correspondingly take precedence in application of style. (nice to know, not a need to know)

Selectors

  /* element */
  p {
    background-color: blue;
    color: #FFFFFF;
  }

Class Selectors

  /* class */
  .some-class {
    background-color: orange;
  }

ID Selectors

  /* id */
  #some-id {
    background-color: purple;
  }

Note: Classes and IDs are written in kabob-case.

Organization of CSS files

Group from least specific to most specific.
The element selectors, class, then id.
This helps with not only visual organization but specificity organization.

The Box Model

All the Elements are Boxes

Each element is a rectangular box. CSS leverages “the box model” to control layout and design. An HTML element is comprised of its content and the margins, borders, padding surrounding it. Boxes are “stacked” in the order they appear in your HTML. You can stack them horizontally, vertically, and in the z-plane.

Box Model

In HTML, you can visualize each element as its own rectangular box. There are a number of CSS properties that can affect the final width and height of each of these boxes. The CSS Box Model describes how the final height and width of an element is determined.

We have a div element that we gave a width of 400 and a height of 200. However, we’ve also applied several additional properties that are affecting its size and positioning. The padding and border properties are both adding 20px to the element’s height and width. Now the actual visible dimensions of our element are 480x280.

DevTools

Visit any web page, right click on any part of the page. A dropdown box will appear, with inspect towards the bottom. Click this will open your Developer Tools

Editing CSS

On the left you will see what is currently being rendered (original html + anything else impacting the layout such as CSS and JavaScript).

To the right of the HTML pane, there’s a small sidebar that gives us styling information for the currently selected element. If you scroll down on the right, you will see a handy graphic of how our element is being rendered.

Editing CSS

Similar to the HTML pane, we can add or remove styles and adjust CSS property values from this pane. You can click on any style property associated with the selected element and change its value. You can also use the blue checkbox to toggle the style on or off.

Linking CSS to HTML

  <!DOCTYPE html>
  <html>
    <head>
      <meta charset="utf-8">
      <title></title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/master.css">
    </head>
    <body>

    </body>
  </html>

Flexbox and Grid

Flexbox

Flexbox is used to have a more flexible layout that helps to align and distribute space of items in a container. The container is able to alter the width/height of the items within to fill the available space. This allows the content to control the way it is displayed.

Flexbox uses a horizontal axis and vertical axis to align items and create space around those items. It is better to use for small-scale layouts and one dimensional layouts.

Flexbox Resources

Flexbox Guide

Flexbox Visualization

Flexbox Tutorial

Another Flexbox Tutorial

Grid

Grid is used for a two-dimensional layout where both columns and rows are used. This allows us to break up the container into cells to align objects, but unlike a table, grid allows us to layer items if necessary.

Grid Resources

Grid Guide

Grid Tutorial

BootStrap

Free front-end framework that includes HTML and CSS based design templates that have a mobile first approach. Bootstrap layouts are based on a grid design. It can be quickly and easily added to projects and does use jQuery to function.

To get started using the available templates, you must first include the necessary links and script tags in our html document. Then we simply look through documentation to find what we want to include in our own html add the necessary class or classes to our html elements and bootstrap will handle the rest.